Tamis-LeMonda-Preface

Contents

xxii

PART 4: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Intelligence and Individual Differences 469 Defining Intelligence 469 A Single Mental Ability 470 Multiple Abilities 470 Measuring Intelligence 473 The History of Intelligence Testing 473 Reliability, Validity, and Bias of Intelligence Tests 476 Nature and Nurture in Intelligence 477 The Heritability of Intelligence 478 Environmental Influences on Intelligence 479 Academic Skills: Language, Literacy, and Math 479 Vocabulary and Grammar 480 Reading and Writing 480 Math 483 Motivation 485 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 485 Mindsets 486 Views of Intelligence 487 ❚ Contexts of Cognitive Development and Academic Achievement 488 Developmental Cascades 496 Closing Thoughts: Thinking about Thinking 498 13 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood 503 Emotional Development 504 Understanding Emotions 504 Self-Conscious Emotions: Guilt, Shame, and Pride 504 The Causes and Consequences of Emotions 506 Theory of Mind and Moral Reasoning 507 Expressing and Regulating Emotions 508 Display Rules and Regulating Emotions 508 Emotional Coping 509 ❚ Contexts of Emotional Development 510 Family Context of Emotional Development 510 Peer Context of Emotional Development 512 Cultural Context of Emotional Development 513 Family Context and Cognitive Development 488 School Context and Cognitive Development 490 Cultural Context and Cognitive Development 493

11 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood 421 Brain and Physical Development 422 Brain Development 422 Changes to White and Gray Matter 423 Changes to Brain Networks 424 Coordination across Brain Regions 425 Family Context and Brain Development 426 Physical Development 427

Gross Motor Skills 428 Fine Motor Skills 429 Sex Differences in Physical Growth and Motor Skills 430 Contexts of Physical Development 431

Health 434

Nutrition 434

Food Insecurity 434 Overweight and Obesity 435 Contexts of Nutrition 436 Sleep 440

How Much Sleep do Children Need? 440 Sleep Problems in Middle Childhood 442 Family Context of Sleep 443 Disease and Injury 444 Infectious Diseases 444 Chronic Diseases and Disorders 445 Injuries 446 Developmental Cascades 448 Closing Thoughts: Stability and Change 453 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood 456 Cognitive Development 458 Piagetian Theory 458 Concrete Operational Thought 458 Limitations in Concrete Operational Thought 461 Information Processing 461 Attention 462

Working Memory and Processing Speed 464 Metacognition and Memory Strategies 464 Semantic Memory: AGrowing Knowledge Base 466 Episodic and Autobiographical Memory 466