Tamis-LeMonda-Preface

Contents   xix

5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood 170 Learning about the Physical World 171 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 171 Sensorimotor Substages 1–5 172 Mental Representation (Sensorimotor Substage 6): 18–24 Months 174 Challenges to Piaget That Inspired New Theoretical Orientations  176 Nativist Tests of Infant Core Capacities  177 Infant Understanding of Object Permanence 177 Infant Understanding of Solidity and Substance 180 Infant Understanding of Gravity and Support 180 Testing Core Capacity for Understanding Number  181 Challenges to Nativism 183 Developmental Systems Insights

6 Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood 210 Describing Language Development 211 Phonological Development: Learning Speech Sounds 211 Perceiving and Discriminating among the Phonemes of One’s Language 212 Identifying the Phonemes that Comprise Words  212 Producing Sounds 213 Semantic Development: Learning Word Meaning 215 Understanding Sentences and Syntactic Bootstrapping  219 The Path to Producing Sentences  220 Pragmatic Development: Learning Communication Norms 220 Turn Taking 221 Attention to Nonverbal Social Cues 221 Explaining Language Development 222 Nativist Accounts of Language Development 223 Universal Grammar and the LAD 223 Cognitive Biases 224 Deaf Children and Sign Language 224 Critical Periods and the Case of Genie 225 Connectionist and Dynamic Systems Theory 226 Connectionist Theory 227 Dynamic Systems Theory 228 Sociocultural Theory 229 Scaffolding 229 Can Infants Learn Language from Screens? 230 ❚ Contexts of Language Development 230 Family Context of Language Development 230 Socioeconomic Context of Language Development 234 Childcare Context of Language Development 235 Multilingual Context of Language Development 235 Cultural Context of Language Development 239 Developmental Cascades 241 Closing Thoughts: Language Development is Much More than Language  245 Receptive Language 215 Productive Language 215 Syntactic Development: Putting Words Together 219

into Cognitive Performance 184 Modifying the A-not-B Task  184 Changing Sensory Feedback  184 Information Processing: Attention in Cognition 185

Phases of Attention  186 Selective Attention 187 Processing Information  189 Memory 189

❚ Contexts of Cognitive Development 192 Home Context of Cognitive Development 192 Socioeconomic Context of Cognitive Development 194 Cultural Context of Cognitive Development 195 Learning about the Social World 196

Understanding Others’ Attention 196 Gaze Following and Joint Attention 197 Pointing 198

Understanding Others’ Actions, Knowledge, and Beliefs 198 Interpreting Actions  198 Imitating Actions  200

Inferring Knowledge and Beliefs 201 ❚ Contexts of Social Cognition  202 Home Context of Social Cognition 202 Cultural Context of Social Cognition 203 Developmental Cascades 204 Closing Thoughts: Looking into the Mind of an Infant 206