Tamis-LeMonda-Preface

Contents

PART 1: FOUNDATIONS

Discovery-Based Science 32 Sampling 32 Methods: Gathering Data 33 Study Designs 36 Ensuring Scientific Rigor and Integrity 42 Validity 42 Reliability 43 Scientific Replicability and Transparency 44 Ethics in Research 46 Closing Thoughts: Setting the Stage 47 2 Heredity, Environment, and the Brain 51 Genetics and the Environment 52 Genetic Foundations 53 Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes 53 From Gametes to Human Beings 54 Mutations 58 Decoding the Genome 61 The Microbiome 62 ❚ Contexts of Environmental Influences on Gene Expression 63 How Do Genes and Environment Interact? 63 Epigenetic Principles: FromAnimals to Humans 64 Summing Up: The Library Metaphor 66 The Brain 67 Brain Anatomy and Function 67 Forebrain 68

The Goals of Developmental Science 2 Describing Development 3 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Change: Coral Reef Fish or Frogs? 3 Differences among Children in Development 4 Developmental Stability 5 Explaining Development 6 Genes and Environment: The Nature-Nurture Seesaw 6 Developmental Cascades 7 Applying Developmental Science 9 Raising Children 9 Programs and Policies 10 Theoretical Orientations 11 Foundational Theories 13 Evolutionary Theory 13 Psychodynamic Theories 14 Behaviorism 17 Constructivism: Piaget’s Stage Theory 19 Lev Vygotsky and the Origins of Sociocultural Theory 21 Contemporary Theories 22 Nativist Approaches 22 Social Learning Theory 23 Bioecological Theories 26 Sociocultural Theories 28 Research in Developmental Science 30 Conducting Research 31 Hypothesis-Driven Research and the Scientific Method 31 1 Goals, Theories, and Methods 1 Information Processing Theories 24 Developmental Systems Theory 25

Midbrain and Hindbrain 70 Neurons and Glial Cells 71 New Ways to Study the Brain 72 Brain Development 74 How the Brain Changes 74 Periods of Brain Development 76